甘肃自考08680欧洲文化入门考试大纲

甘肃省高等教育自学考试
课程考试大纲
专业名称：英语（专升本）
专业代码：050201

课程名称：欧洲文化入门

课程代码：（08680）

甘肃省高等教育自学考试委员会 制定
2024 年 3 月

目录

I.课程性质与设置目的…………………………………………………………………………1
II.课程内容……………………………………………………………………………………….2
第一章：希腊文化和罗马文化………………………………………………………….2
第二章：圣经和基督教…………………………………………………………………..2
第三章：中世纪 ……………………………………………………………………………3
第四章：文艺复兴和宗教改革………………………………………………………….3
第五章：十七世纪 ………………………………………………………………………..4
第六章：启蒙时代 ………………………………………………………………………..4
第七章：浪漫主义 ………………………………………………………………………..5
第八章：马克思主义和达尔文主义……………………………………………………5
第九章：现实主义 ………………………………………………………………………..6
第十章：现代主义和其他趋势………………………………………………………….6
III.考核目标 ……………………………………………………………………………………..6
V. 附录 题型举例 ……………………………………………………………………………..17

欧洲文化入门考试大纲

I.课程性质与设置目的

课程从历史、建筑、艺术、文学、哲学、宗教等多个文化要素介绍欧洲文化，主要内容包括古希腊、古罗马、基督教、中世纪、文艺复兴、宗教改革、17 世纪的欧洲、启蒙运动、浪漫主义、现实主义及现代主义。“欧洲文化入门”就是这样一门帮助学生了解西方文化背景的课程，和大多数以英语基础技能为考核目标的课程不同，这门课的考核目标是西方国家的历史发展、政治制度、宗教状况和文学成就，属于背景知识类课程。这门课知识量大，同时要求学生有一定的叙述能力、归纳能力和思维能力。此外，这学科统地介绍了西方各国主要政治家、思想家、文学家的生平、事迹以及主要著作，可以帮助学生开阔视野，增长知识，提高个人修养，积累写作素材。

古希腊文化是欧洲古典文化代表，其灿烂程度、影响力、长久的生命力使其在世界占有极其重要地位。古罗马吸收和借鉴了古代文明的成就，创建了自己的文明，极具研究价值。中世纪时期的欧洲封建割据、频繁战争，天主教对人思想的禁锢，造成科技和生产力发展停滞不前。对中世纪的了解是理解文艺复兴的前提。文艺复兴、宗教改革和启蒙运动是西欧近代三大重要的思想解放运动。现代欧洲经历了战乱的动荡时期，是一个科学、艺术不断创新的黄金时代。课程系统介绍自古希腊至现代欧洲文化的起源与发展，繁荣与创新的规律及特点。课程内容丰富，通过教师课堂讲授，多媒体展示，以及学生的小组活动，旨在系统介绍欧洲文化的基本知识，增强学生对欧洲文化的了解，帮助学生体验欧洲文化的一体性及多元性。

学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作，以及各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，沟通交流也难顺利。课程用英语和汉语讲授，通过本课程的学习，学生不仅可以了解欧洲文化的基本知识、开阔视野，同时还可以提高自己的英语水平。总之，本课程通过拓展学生的欧洲文化知识，旨在提高学生的人文素质和跨文化交际能力，以及当今全球化背景下学生对于国际社会的政治、经济和文化现象进行欣赏、认知、分析和批判的能力。

II.课程内容

第一章：希腊文化和罗马文化

古希腊文明经历了漫长的发展历史，在公元前 5 世纪至公元前 4 世纪达到顶峰。产生于公元前 1900 年至公元前 1450 年克里特岛的米诺斯文化，是欧洲最早的文明，也是希腊古典文明的源头。罗马文化最显著的特征就是其中隐藏着希腊文化的影子。最初是旅居罗马的希腊使节、商人和艺术家无意识地带来了希腊文化。后来罗马征服希腊，首先做的是把希腊的典籍和艺术品运回罗马。罗马人对自己的军事才能和统治天赋很自信，罗马从一个小小的城邦发展为一个伟大的帝国，当时享有“世界帝国”的美誉。
第一节：希腊文化的定义
第二节：罗马文化的定义
重难点知识：
诗人：荷马、萨福、品达
悲剧家：埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯
喜剧家：阿里斯托芬
历史学家: 希罗多德、修昔底德
哲学家: 赫拉克利特、德谟克利特、苏格拉底、柏拉图及亚里士多德
数学家: 欧几里得
科学家: 阿基米德

第二章：圣经和基督教

《圣经》是妇孺皆知的基督教经典，分为《旧约》和《新约》两部。《旧约》共 39 卷，是基督教从古犹太教那里继承的经典，所谓“约”意为上帝与人订立的契约。
主要内容有四部分：
1.上帝创世和人类始祖的神话(亚当与夏娃、诺亚方舟)
2.古犹太人的历史
3.诗歌及其他形式的宗教文学作品:《约伯记》和《诗篇》
4.关于先知的预言和宗教、政治评论:《阿摩司书》、《耶利米书》、《但以理书》
第一节：《旧约》
第二节：基督教的由来
第三节：《新约》
第四节：《圣经》的翻译

第三章：中世纪

公元 5 世纪，西罗马帝国灭亡，其后一千多年的时间被称为欧洲历史上的中世纪。（the Middle Ages) 之所以称为中世纪，是因为这段时间介于古代和现代之间。整个中世纪都没有中央政府来维持秩序，似乎能将欧洲联系起来的唯一纽带就是基督教会了。在此期间，基督教会的权力和影响得以不断扩大。中世纪末期，西欧人几乎都加入了基督教会，人人都是基督教徒。
此后长达数百年的时间里，基督教在政治、法律、艺术、学术等各个方面都占据了统治地位，从根本上改变了人们的生活方式。这是中世纪又被称为“信仰的时代”（the Age of Faith)的原因。正是这一时期不同的思想观念与习俗的相互融合，为现代欧洲文化的形成与发展奠定了基础。
第一节：采邑和教会
第二节：知识与科学
第三节：文学
第四节：艺术和建筑

第四章：文艺复兴和宗教改革

14 世纪，文艺复兴运动发源于意大利，原因有二：①意大利的佛罗伦萨、威尼斯等城市工商业的繁荣产生了新的经济方式和阶层；②意大利也是欧洲古代文明的故乡，是古罗马和古希腊文明的继承者。
主要思想：
崇尚古典文化，反对中世纪的禁欲主义和宗教观。
主张以“人”为中心，反对基督教以“神”为中心的世界观。
主张以“人性”反对“神性”；主张以“人权”取代“神权”。
崇尚理性和科学，反对蒙昧和神秘主义。
前期主要代表人物：
但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘，称为“文艺复兴前三杰”。
近代现实主义绘画的开拓者：乔托。
建筑师：布鲁内莱斯基。
全盛时期：达·芬奇、米开朗基罗和拉斐尔。三人被誉为“文艺复兴后三杰”。
第三节 宗教改革与反改革
宗教改革（the Reformation)是一场发生在 16 世纪的宗教运动，同时也是一场社会政治运动。这场运动的主要目的是反对罗马天主教会的绝对权威，而代之以《圣经》的绝对权威。
主要内容：
第一节：意大利的文艺复兴
第二节：宗教改革和反改革
第三节：其他国家的文艺复兴
第四节：文艺复兴期间的科技

第五章：十七世纪

17 世纪是欧洲从中世纪到现代的过渡时期。这一进步起源于科学、天文学、物理学以及纯粹数学领域。这些领域的发展归功于伽利略、开普勒、牛顿和笛卡尔。他们的工作帮助创立了现代科学，从某种意义上说，创造了现代世界。这些科学家们摒弃了传统的对权威以及被普遍接受的演绎推理方法的依赖，取而代之以对直接观察自然和实验方法的重视。新的科学和哲学极大地推动了新兴阶级－即资产阶级－与其他社会阶层在政治上的斗争。17 世纪见证了很多剧烈的政治运动，如英国资产阶级革命以及发生在法国的君主专制变革。这些政治运动标志着现代国家权力的发展。
第一节：科学
第二节：英国的哲学、政治与文学
第三节：笛卡尔；法国古典主义
第四节：艺术

第六章：启蒙时代

启蒙运动是继文艺复兴后的第二次精神解放运动，抨击中世纪的黑暗统治和神学教条，教导人们用理性去摆脱偏见，解放思想，故这一时期有时又被称作“理性时代”。18 世纪法国思想家如孟德斯鸠、伏尔泰和卢梭等将启蒙运动推向巅峰。1776 年结束英国殖民统治的美国独立战争和 1789 年的法国大革命使启蒙运动多了一层政治革命色彩。
主要内容：
第一节：法国哲学和文学
第二节：英国文学
第三节：德国文学和哲学
第四节：艺术和音乐

第七章：浪漫主义

浪漫主义作为一种文艺思潮，发生在欧洲 18 世纪末和 19 世纪头三四十年间，是法国大革命、欧洲民主运动和民族解放斗争高涨时期的产物。浪漫主义文学取代启蒙文学而成为文学主流，在欧洲影响深远。由于作家政治立场和思想观点的不同，浪漫主义出现了两个互相对立的流派，即高尔基所说的消极浪漫主义（在文学史上又常被称作反动浪漫主义）和积极浪漫主义（又被称作进步浪漫主义）。
主要内容：
第一节：德国、英国、法国、意大利、俄国和波兰的浪漫主义
第二节：艺术、建筑和音乐

第八章：马克思主义和达尔文主义

正如达尔文揭示了有机界的发展规律一样，马克思和恩格斯揭示了人类历史和发展的基本规律。1848 年《共产党宣言》的发表标志着马克思主义的诞生。正如牛顿因发现万有引力而成为 17 世纪的科学巨人一样，达尔文因发现人类自身进化规律而成为 19 世纪的科学代言人。在人类科学史上，达尔文完全有资格与哥白尼、伽利略、牛顿齐名。达尔文及达尔文主义者以其生物进化学说有力地挑战了《圣经》中的上帝造人说。
主要内容：
第一节：马克思主义的由来
第二节：达尔文主义

第九章：现实主义

19 世纪欧洲批判现实主义的发展经历了两个阶段：
①三、四十年代：法国和英国出现了司汤达、巴尔扎克和狄更斯，俄国出现了果戈里。②五、六十年代：西欧批判现实主义者虽然创作了一些进步作品，但他们的批判力量已有所削弱，改良主义思想和悲观情绪更加严重，自然主义倾向日益明显。
俄国批判现实主义文学却取得了极大的进步，主要代表人物：屠格涅夫、陀斯妥耶夫斯基和托尔斯泰。
主要内容：
第一节：法国、俄国和北欧的现实主义
第二节：英国和美国的现实主义
第三节：世纪之交的艺术与音乐
第十章：现代主义和其他趋势
现代主义被称为“新时代的传统”。它明确地反对固有的传统、旧有的习俗和现存的规则；它力图在作品中反映出 20 世纪社会和政治上的变化，存在的危机与焦虑，以及科学技术和心理知识领域的迅猛发展；它为人们提供了看待人类在宇宙中的地位和作用的全新思路。现代主义还被称作“艺术的非人性化”。它对传统的人文主义关于个人与社会的观点进行了重新思考。
主要内容：
第一节：自 1945 年后的文学与哲学
第二节：艺术和音乐

III.考核目标

第一章 考核重点

1．The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta（斯巴达）.
2. Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.
3．The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.
4. Agamemnon（阿伽门农）, Hector（赫克托耳）, Achilles are in Iliad.
5. Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.
6.Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.
7. Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides
8. The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.
9. ① Euclid’s Elements 解析几何② Archimedes His work not only in geometry 几何学, but also in arithmetic 算术, machanics 机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学
10. Architecture 古希腊建筑三大风格 temple—→Parthenon 帕特农神庙
11. From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire. Greek that of the eastern half.
12. The dividing range(分水岭) in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.
13. In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions(罗马军团)
14. In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known as Pax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)
15. Julius Caesar commentaries 批评论 “I came, I saw, I conquered.”

第二章 考核重点

1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. 在西方最具影响力的宗教
2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judaism and Christianity.
3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身) Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan.
4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews. 犹太人的祖先是希伯来人
The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.
5、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.
6、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 上帝与上帝的教义
7、The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ.
8、The New Testament is, in essence (实质上), the four accounts (四福音书), written by the four disciples.弟子
9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.
10. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经
11. Pentateuch 名词解释
The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis(创世记), Exodus (出埃及记), Leviticus(教义记), Numbers (逃亡记), Deuteronomy(摩西遗言记).
12、Genesis 名词解释
Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.
13、Exodus 名词解释
Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious (宗教的)history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began toreceive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.
14、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.
15、Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.
16、The Historical Books was divided into seven sections:
①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah.
17、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.

第三章 考核重点

1、the Middle ages 名词解释
In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.
2、The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来), from the 5th century to 15th century.
3、The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages, between ancient times and modern times.
4、The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the 17th century, between the middle ages and modern times.
5、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马 476 灭，东罗马 1653 年灭
6、Feudalism 名词解释
Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalism”was derived (来源) from the Latin “feudum”, a grant (许可的) of land.
7、fiefs(次划分)名词解释
In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs.
8、vassals (占有 fiefs 的人)名词解释
In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs were call vassals.
9、code of chivalry (骑士制度)名词解释
As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.
10、dubbing (骑士头衔加冕仪式)名词解释
After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments, there was always a special ceremony (选择) to award him with a title, knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.
11、knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments. (模拟战场)
12、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)
13、The Manor (领地所有制)名词解释
The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords (农场主). By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.
14、After 1054, the church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
15、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve (保留) and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.

第四章 考核重点

1、Renaissance 名词解释
2、 Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets,
scholars, artists and sculptors (雕塑家).
3、 In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.
4、 Intellectuals became closely tied up (息息相关) with the rising bourgeoisie.(人文主义兴起的重要原因 Humanistic ideas to develop)
5、 At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)
6、 Literature: The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in Shakespeare’sliterature.
7、 painting: The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in Da vincci’s Mona Lisa.
8、Renaissance Art 名词解释
9、Reformation 名词解释
10、Calvinism 名词解释
11、Counter-Reformation (反宗教改革)名词解释
12、The Jesuits (耶稣社团)名词解释 Ignatius (拼写)
13、Francis Bacon introduced Montaigne “Essais” into the English literature.
14、The representative author of Renaissance in France was Montaigne with his
famous work Essais. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was
Cervantes with his famous work Do Quixote, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. (歧视文学作品)
15、Renaissance in Germany: Dürer —— The Four Horsemen of Apocalpse —— Knight, Death and the Devil

第五章 考核重点

1、The outlook (世界观) of educated men was transformed. There was a profound
(深远的) change in the conception (概念) of men’s place in the universe.(人在宇宙
中的位置)
4、The 17th century philosophy was focus on materialist in nature.
5、17th century Science: ☆physics ☆mathematics ☆chemistry biology psychology
6、The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.现代世界从何时开始
7、Kepler’s Laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation
8、the laws of gravitation (万有引力的内容):the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies (天体) in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.
9、Francis Bacon
10、Tomas Hobbes —→ Leviathan
11、the Great Instauration 名词解释
12、Inductive method 名词解释
13、The English Revolution is also called Bourgeoisie Revolution.
14、Democracy (民主的体现是) —→ Parliament (议会)希腊民主的体现是公民大会
15、The serfdom had begun breaking up as a result of the Enclosure Movement.(随着圈地运动德发展)
16、By the end of the 16th century, Calvinism had spread (传播) to England. As a result, the Puritan Movement was started in England. (清教徒运动开始了)
17、1689, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament (议会).

第六章 考核重点

1、Enlightenment 名词解释 简答：启蒙运动
2、启蒙运动的先行者：John Locke and Isaac Newton
3、Newton’s theory of gravitation (万有引力理论) further demonstrated (进一步证实) to the world that the universe is governed (控制) by laws that could be understood by the human mind.(可以为人所知)
4、The major force of the Enlightenment was the French philosophes, such as Montesquieu, Voltaire (伏尔泰) and Rousseau (卢梭). Diederot, who edited the famous Encyclopédie (百科全书).
5、Diederot —→ Encyclopédie (百科全书).
6、Montesquieu
7、The theory of the separation of powers (三权分立理论) was put forward by Montesquieu in his work The Spirit of the Laws. He believed that the legislative (立法), executive (行政) and judicial (司法) powers must be confided (托付) to different individuals, acting independently. (独立的行为)
8、The theory of the separation of powers was accepted by the U.S. Constitution.（三权分立的思想被美国宪法所接受)
9、Daniel Defoe —→ Robinson Crusoe (鲁滨逊漂流记)
—→ One of the greatest fiction writers (小说作家) of 18th century England.
10、Fielding —→ Father of the English novel (英国现代小说之父)
11、Goethe (歌德) —→ 德国文学第一人
12、Schiller (席勒) —→ He was a founder of modern German literature.多产的作家
13、Kant (康德) —→ Waterhead of modern philosophy (当代哲学的源头)
14、The Musical Enlightenment (音乐启蒙运动)名词解释
15、Bach (巴赫)

第七章 考核重点

1、Romanticism 名词解释
2、French revolution with its slogans (口号) of liberty (自由), equality and universal brotherhood.
3、Blake —→ Songs of Innocence (清白之歌) happy world
—→ Songs of Experience (经验之歌) bitter world (苦涩)
7、The Laker poets (The Lakers)
① Wordsworth —→ Lyrical Ballads (抒情民谣) 与 Coleridge 合写
—→ The Prelude (序曲)
② Coleridge —→ Kubla Khan (忽必烈汗) exotic culture (外来文化)
—→ The Rime of the ancient Mariner (古舟船泳)
8、Lyrical Ballads marked the beginning of the Romantic literature.
9、Coleridge’s works possessed the characteristic of exotic culture. (外来文化)
10、Byron —→ Isles of Greece (希腊诸岛)
—→ Don Juan (唐璜) 莫扎特改编成歌剧 (选择)
⊙Byron 是浪漫主义时期中国最熟悉的
⊙两个战役 hence (战役) the mention (提到的) of Marathon (马拉松) and Thermopylae
⊙Byronic hero 对中国影响最深的是鲁迅
11、Byron created a typical hero which is call The Byronic hero.
12、Byron mentioned two important wars of Marathon and Thermopylae in Isles of Greece.
13、Byronic hero 名词解释
14、Shelly
15、Pushkin —→ Ruslan and Liudmila (罗斯兰与雷尔达米拉) 与 leaves of grass相似
—→ Boris Godunov (布达耶夫)

第八章 考核重点

1、The Manifesto of the Communist Party (共产党宣言) 马恩合作
2、Darwin’s theory of evolution (进化)名词解释
3、Social Darwinism 名词解释
4、The term the survival of the fittest by Darwin. (错)
5、For the term “natural selection” Spencer substitute the “survival of the fittest”
6、Darwin 发现了人类社会发展的规律和资本主义的生产模式
7、 What are the three sources (来源) of Marxism?
8、Scientific Socialism:
9 、What is the great significance of Darwinism? ☆
10、On Social Science: Herbert Spencer

第九章 考核重点

1、 Realism 名词解释
2、The spirit of realism lies in (在于) the literary area.
3、The realist literary focus on (侧重于) novel writing.
4、 现实主义与浪漫主义的区别 realism can be track back to the ancient times, but romanticism can not. And the realist’s language was usually simple, clear and direct.
5、The European Communist (共产主义) movement, armed (武装) with Marxist thought in realism.
6、Germany and Italy, achieved their unification (完成统一) in realism.
7、Stendhal —→ Armance
French —→ The Red and the Black
—→ The Charterhouse of Parma (帕尔玛大教堂)
8、Balzac —→ The Human Comedy (人间喜剧)
—→ Divine comedy (神曲) 受但丁神曲影响
—→ Eugenie Grandet (葛朗台)
—→ Le Père Goriot (高老头)
—→ La Cousine Bette (贝蒂姨妈)
9、The novels contented in the Human Comedy mark the beginnings of French
realism. (标志着法国现实主义的开端)
10、Balzac has been called “the French Dickens” as Dickens has been called “the English Balzac”
11、Flaubert —→ Madame Bovary (包法利夫人)
⊙ 写作特点：the right word or phrase (用词恰如其分)
⊙ Flaubert is called “the first French realist” (法国现实主义第一人)
⊙ a model not only to French authors, among them Maupassant and Zola, but to
Americans and Russians as well, notably (值得一提的是) Henry James and Turgenev.
12、Zola —→ Les Rougen-Macquarts (罗根.马塔里)
⊙ Zola was the founder of the naturalist school. (自然主义流派的创始人)
13、自然主义的特点：
⊙ the naturalistic novel is not only a record (记录) of men and manners (行为).
⊙ to the naturalists the novel is a demonstration of social law. (社会法则的显示与说明)
⊙ the language used by naturalists must be the actual language used by people.
14、Maupassant —→ The Necklace (项链)
—→ The Piece of String (红丝带)
—→ The Umbrella (雨伞)
⊙ Norman people (纯正法国后裔) Franco-Prussian War (普法战争)
15、Gogol (果戈尔) —→ The Inspector General (钦差大臣)
Russia —→ Dead Souls (死魂灵) 主人公是：Chichikov
16、Dostoyevsky (托斯妥耶夫斯基) —→ The House of Death (死亡之屋)
17、Leo Tolstoy (列夫.托尔斯泰)
18、Ibsen (挪威－易普生)
19、Dickens (狄更斯)
20、George Eliot (乔治.艾略特)

第十章 考核重点

1、Modernism 名词解释
2、Id 名词解释
3、Ego 名词解释
4、Oedipus Complex 名词解释
5、The Lost generation 名词解释
6、The Beat Generation 名词解释 垮掉的一代
7、Angry Young Men 名词解释 年轻愤怒的一代
8、Nouveau Roman 名词解释 新小说主义
9、Existentialism 名词解释 存在主义
10、The Theatre of the absurd 名词解释 荒诞剧
11、Black Humour 名词解释
12、Fauvism 名词解释 野兽派
13、Expressionism 名词解释
14、T. S. Eliot (埃利奥特) —→ The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (普罗弗里克的情歌)
—→ The Waste Land (荒原)
15、The Waste Land is influenced by the Bible and Dante’s Divine Comedy (神曲)..
16、Joseph Conrad (康德拉) —→ Lord Jim (杰姆老爷)
—→ He wrote mostly of sea.
17、Virginia Woolf (沃尔芙) —→ Mrs. Dalloway in post-war London (描述一战后的伦敦)
—→ To the Lighthouse (到灯塔去)
very little action (没有人物的活动) be lack (缺乏) of action
—→ The Mark on the Wall (墙上瑕疵)
—→ 两战间唯一一名女作家
18、Lawrence (劳伦斯) —→ Lady Chatterley’s Lover (查泰来夫人的情人)
pornographic (色情作品 blue)
—→ Sons and Lovers (儿子与情人)
autobiographical (自传体) Freud 恋母情节
—→ The Rainbow (虹)

IV. 有关说明与实施要求

为了在个人自学、社会助学和考试命题中具体贯彻和落实自学考试的各项内容，对考试内容作如下说明，并进而提出具体实施要求。为了使考试内容具体化和考试要求标准化，对各章规定了考核目标，明确考核目标，能够使自学者更为系统地学习教材；也使考试范围更加明确和规范，从而能更准确地安排试题的层次和难易度。要正确处理基本理论、知识和应用能力的关系，适当地引导自学应考者将识记、领会同应用联系起来，把基本理论、知识转化为应用能力。在全面系统辅导的基础上，着重培养和提高自学应考者的分析问题和解决问题的能力。要正确处理重点和一般的关系。课程内容有重点与一般之分，考试内容是全面的，而且重点与一般是相互联系的，不是截然分开的。社会助学者应指导自学应考者全面系统地学习教材，掌握全部考试内容和考核知识点，在此基础上再突出重点。总之，要把重点学习同兼顾一般结合起来，切勿孤立地抓重点，把自学应考者引向猜题押题的歧途。

V. 附录 题型举例

本试题分两部分，第一部分为选择题，第二部分为非选择题；选择题 30 分，非选择题 70 分，满分 100 分。考试时间 150 分钟。全部题目用英文作答，并将答案写在答题纸的相应位置上，否则不计分。

Part 1

I. Make the best choice to complete the statements or answer the questions. (30points)
1. Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?
A. Greek Culture. B. Roman Culture. C. Egyptian Culture. D. Chinese Culture.
2. Who ever said that “You cannot step twice into the same river? ”＇
A. Pythagoras. B. Heraclitus. C. Democritus. D. Aristotle.
3.Which of the following is NOT Roman architecture?
A. The Colosseum. B. The Pantheon. C. The Parthenon. D. Pont du Gard.
4. Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?
A. Buddhism. B. Islamism. C. Christianity. D. Judaism.
5. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions?
A. Theodosius. B. Augustus C. Constantine I D. Nero Caesar.
6. By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in languages.
A. 228 B. 974 C. 1202 D. 154
7. When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church?
A. After 1066. B. After 1296. C. After 1054. D. After 476.
8. Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of Western Europe?
A. Clergy, knights and serfs. B. Pope, bishop and peasants.
C. Clergy, lords and peasants. D. Knights, nobles and serfs.
9. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its centre moving to Milan, then to Rome?
A. In the 11th century. C. In the 15th century.
B. In the 16th century. D. In the 17th century.
10. After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church?
A. King. B. Pope. C. Bishop. D. Queen.
11. Whose work does “To be, or not to be-that is the question “come from?
A. Chaucer. B. Dante. C. Roger Bacon. D. Shakespeare.
12. The author of The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is .
A. Kepler B. Copernicus C. Galileo D. Newton
13. When did the Glorious Revolution in England break out?
A. 1660. B. 1649. C. 1688. D. 1689.
14. Which of the following philosophers ever said “I think,therefore I am”？
A. Francis Bacon. B. Gassendi. C. Descartes. D. John Locke.
15. In ， Rousseau argued that Man’s greatest ills are not natural but made by man himself; the remedy lies also within man’s power?
A. The Origin of Human Inequality. B. The New Heloise.
C. Emile, or On Education D. The Social Contract
16. Which of the following philosophers first proposed the well-known“nebular hypothesis”？
A. Kant. B. Descartes. C. Locke. D. Hobbes.
17. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel?
A. Goethe. B. Victor Hugo. C. Pushkin. D. Walter Scott.
18. In which of the following works did Pushkin create the first “superfluous man” in Russian literature?
A. Eugene Onegin. B. Boris Godunov.
C. Ruslan and Liudmila. D. A Hero of Our Time.
19. Whose symphony No. 6 (Pastoral) marked the beginning of 19th-century programme music?
A. Mozart. B. Schumann. C. Beethoven. D. Schubert.
20. Who introduced the symphonic poem and invented new piano techniques and became the greatest pianist of the middle of 19thcentury?
A. Liszt. B. Schubert. C. Beethoven. D. Berlioz.
21. Who said “A novel is a mirror walking along the road” as early as 1830?
A. Stendhal B. Balzac. C. Flaubert. D. Maupassant.
22. The effects of which of the following works on the abolition of serfdom in Russia has often been compared to that of Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin on the abolition of slavery in the United States?
A. The Red and the Black. B. Dead Souls.
C. A Hunter’s Sketches. D. The House of Death.
23. Which of the following works gives intensively focused picture of an English industrial town in the heyday capitalist expansion?
A. David Copperfield. B. Vanity Fair. C. Heartbreak House. D. Hard Times.
24. Which of the following works was NOT written by Mark Twain?
A. The Gilded Age. B. The Prince and the Pauper.
C. Life on the Mississippi. D. The Beast in the Jungle.
25. Becky Sharp is a well-known character in .
A. Man and Superman B. Vanity Fair C. Hard Times D. The Mill on the Floss
26. Which of the following works is NOT Vincent van Gogh’s painting?
A. Starry Night. B. The Boy in Red Vest. C. Sunflower. D. The Night Cafe.
27. Which of the following Lawrence’s works was regarded as pornographic and brought him ill-fame?
A. Sons and Lovers. B. The Lost Girl.
C. Lady Chatterley’s Lover. D. Women in Love.
29. Which of the following artists worked for about seven years and developed his new
theory called “a method of composing with the12 tones”？
A. Stravinsky. B. Schoenberg. C. Bartók. D. Shostakovich.
30. Who is the author of The Rite of Spring, which is among the most famous and most important compositions written in the 20thcentury?
A. Stravinsky. B. Schostakovich. C. Schoenberg. D. Bartók.

Part 2

II. Name the author of the following works. (10 points)
Odyssey (31)
The Divine Comedy (32)
The Canterbury Tales (33)
Paradise Lost (34)
Faust (35)
Ode to the West （36)
Madame Bovary （37)
War and Peace （38)
A Dolls House (39)
Ulysses (40)

Part 3

III. Fill in the following blanks. (20 points)
41. European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are and element.
42. Ancient Greeks considered to be the author of their epics.
43. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the element Turks in .
44. In 313 was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal.
45. After 1054, the Church was divided into and .
46. was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.
47. Thomas More was a great humanist during the Renaissance. Among his writings the best known is .
48. In 1642, the Civil War broke out. With the support of the people and the leadership
of ，the English bourgeoisie won the victory.
49. It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with in England and with in France.
50. was the key figure of the German classical philosophy and called“Waterhead of modern philosophy”. He exerted an immense influence on the intellectual movements of the 19th and20th centuries.
51. During the reign of Louis X IV and Louis X V in France, an artistic style became prevalent which was known as .
52. After his long and careful study, Marx discovered that was the source of profit, the source of the wealth of the capitalist class.
53. Sigmund Freud was the “father” of ，a new school of psychology embodying revolutionary and controversial views of human behaviour.
54. With the publication of The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein called“ “.
55. Black Humouir is a term derived from . Its origin can be traced back to . Black Humour is a kind of humor.

IV. Explain the following terms or expressions in English. (20points)
56、the Middle Ages
57、The Human Comedy
58、The Enlightenment
59、Gregory Melekhov
60、 Rousseau’s The Social Contract

Part 4

V. Answer the following questions in English. (20 points)
61. How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?
62. What is the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?